भारत में राष्ट्रवाद (Nationalism in India) - Class 10 History Notes

Chapter Overview

Is chapter mein hum dekhenge ki 20th century ke aagaz mein Hindustan mein rashtravadi andolan kaise utha aur kis tarah phailta gaya. British raj ke khilaf log kis tarah ek saath aaye aur azaadi ki jung mein kood pade—woh saara kissa yahan hai. Topics hain jo kafi important hain: Pehla Vishwa Yuddh ka kya asar hua, Rowlatt Act ne kya kiya, Jallianwala Bagh ka jo hatyakand hua woh, phir Khilafat aur Asahyog Andolan ka safar, Chauri Chaura ki ghatna, Dandi March, Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, aur aakhir mein Partition ka dardnaak mod. Poora content NCERT syllabus ke mutabik rakha gaya hai, bilkul simple Hinglish mein, taaki samajhne mein koi dikkat na ho.

Here we have provided NCERT notes for Class 10 इतिहास in hindi Language, Just select the chapters below to get notes of the same:

यूरोप में राष्ट्रवाद का उदय

इंडोand चाइना

भारत में राष्ट्रवाद

भूमंडलीयकृत विश्व का बनाना

औद्योगीकरण का युग

कामand आराम और आधुनिक जीवन समकालीन विश्व में शहर

मुद्रण संस्कृति और आधुनिक दुनिया

उपन्यास, समाज और इतिहास

1. Pratham Vishwa Yuddh aur uska Bharat par Asar

1914 se 1918 tak chala Pratham Vishwa Yuddh, aur isne Bharat ke rashtravadi andolan ko ek nayi jaan de di. Yuddh ke chakkar mein British ne Bharat ke sansadhanon ko jhad diya, aur aam aadmi par tax ka bojh aur bhi bhaari kar diya. Phir yuddh ke baad aisi mahangai aur akal padi ki logon ka jeena mushkil ho gaya.

2. Rowlatt Act (1919) aur Jallianwala Bagh

British ne Rowlatt Act ke through aisa qanoon bana liya jiski wajah se kisi bhi insan ko bina kisi muqadme ke jail mein daalna mumkin ho gaya. Sawaal hi nahi tha ke woh insaan dosi hai ya nahi. Bas shak hi kaafi tha. Gandhi ji ne iske khilaf hartal ka elaan kiya. 13 April 1919 ko Amritsar ke Jallianwala Bagh mein jo hua, usne toh poore mulk ki neend udaa di. General Dyer ne nihaj bheed par goli chalwayi — aur uss ek din mein 1000 se zyada log apni jaan gawa baithe. Yeh hatyakand koi maamooli waqea nahi tha. Isne poore Bharat ko jhaigar diya, aur logon ke dilon mein angrezi hukumat ke khilaf jo aag thi, woh aur bhi bhadak gayi.

3. Khilafat aur Asahyog Andolan (1920-22)

Muslim leaders ne Khilafat movement isliye chheda tha, taaki Turkish sultan ke paas jo Khalifa ka darja tha, use bachaya ja sake. Aur phir Gandhi ji ne aage badh kar Khilafat ko rajniti ke asahyog ke saath jod diya—donon ko ek saath mila kar ek bada, vyapak andolan khada kar diya. Logon ne British schools, courts, yahan tak ki official posts tak ka boycott kar diya. Swadeshi cheezon ko apnaya, khud ki cheezon par bharosa kiya. Par phir 1922 mein Chauri Chaura wala kand hua—kisanon ne police station mein aag laga di. Yahi woh mod tha jahan Gandhi ji ne turant andolan wapas le liya.

4. Champaran aur Kheda Satyagraha

Champaran mein toh baat hi kuch aur thi—wahan nilhe kisan apni jaan gawa rahe the, Gandhi ji ne unke haq ke liye awwaz uthayi. Aur phir Kheda ka daur aaya, jab Gujarat ke kisaan tax ke bojh tale dabe the, aur unhe chhutkara dilane ke liye satyagraha shuru hua. Yeh dono andolan the, jo kisi ne socha bhi nahi tha ki itna bada mod lenge. Inhi safaltayon ne Gandhi ji ko ek aam karyakarta se utha kar rashtriya neta bana diya—aur woh bhi is tarah ki unki baat ab desh bhar mein suni jaane lagi.

5. Christian Disobedience Movement aur Dandi March (1930)

1929 mein Congress ne Purna Swaraj ka nara buland kiya. 12 March 1930 ko, Gandhi ji ne Sabarmati Ashram se Dandi ki taraf kuch is tarah se qadam badhaya jaise koi faisla-kun jung ka aghaz kar raha ho. Wahan pahunch kar unhone namak kanoon ko todte hue apne haathon se namak banaya. Aur yeh ek aisi chingari thi jo poore desh mein aag ki tarah phail gayi. Harr taraf protest ki lehar uth khadi hui. Log sarkari officers se door rehne lage, unka saath dena chhod diya. British hukoomat ne bhi koi kasar nahi chhodi — unhonne laakhon logon ko utha kar jail mein daal diya. Lekin dastoor, yeh dabaav logon ka junoon thanda nahi kar saka.

6. Gandhi-Irwin Pact aur Round Table Conference

1931 mein Gandhi-Irwin Pact ke baad Congress ne apna andolan roka, aur Gandhi ji second Round Table Conference mein share lene gaye. Magar wahan se kuch khaas haath nahi aaya. Wapas aate hi unhone dobara andolan chhed diya—bilkul wahi raah, wahi junoon.

7. Poona Pact (1932)

The British tried to hand separate electorates to the scheduled castes. Gandhi ji wouldn't have it—he pushed back hard. That's where the Poona Pact came in. It didn't just scrap the idea; it actually carved out more seats for the scheduled castes. So in the end, they walked away with a better deal than the original offer, all thanks to that standoff.

8. Quit India Movement (1942)

1942 mein Congress ne aakhirkaar 'Quit India' ka bigul phoonk diya, aur poore desh mein aag si lag gayi. Gandhi ji ka paigaam seedha tha—'Do or Die'—ya to jeet lo ya mar jao. British haath pair maar kar Congress ke bade-bade leaders ko jail ki kothari mein thoons diya, lekin woh apni galti samajh gaye kya? Bilkul nahi — aam logon ne hi maidaan sambhal liya. Koi leader nahi, koi plan nahi, bas azaadi ka junoon tha. Station se lekar thane tak, har jagah andolan ki lapat uthhi. Log khud hi apne sardar ban gaye, aur British ko samajh aa gaya ki is baar maamla kuch aur hi hai.

9. Independence aur Partition (1947)

Azaadi mili, toh saath mein desh ka tukda bhi hua. Bharat aur Pakistan—do alag mulk, do alag kismat. Aur is sabke beech dharmik dange bhadke, lakhon logon ko apna ghar chhodna pada, bewajah beghar hokar prawasan jhelna pada.

Key Points for Revision

• Pratham Vishwa Yuddh ne rashtravad ko badhawa diya—ye baat bilkul sahi hai. Jung ke maidan mein aur uske baad, deshbhakti ki lahar aisi uthi ki har taraf apne-apne desh ka jhanda lehrane laga. Logon mein yeh bhavna aur bhi tez ho gayi ki apni pehchan, apni zameen, apni bolti—sab kuch alag aur behtareen hai. Yuddh ne ek taraf toh tabaahi machayi, lekin doosri taraf qaumon ke dilon mein woh aag bhi jala di jo baad mein andolanon aur junoon ki shakal mein nikli. Kuch log isse qaumi himmat ke roop mein dekhte hain, toh kuch isse badi galati bhi maante hain—par koi inkaar nahi kar sakta ki us jung ne rashtravad ko ek nayi udaas, ek nayi taaqat di.
• Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh—these two events didn’t just shake things up; they basically turned Gandhi ji into a leader. Before that, he was still finding his footing. But after the massacre and that oppressive act, everything changed. He went from being a voice among many to the one people actually looked to. Funny how tragedy does that—it forges leaders out of ordinary men.
• Asahyog Andolan kicked off in 1920 and ran through 1922. That’s when things really started moving.
• The Dandi March of 1930, along with the Salt Satyagraha that followed it, was a turning point that shook the very foundations of British rule in India. Gandhi picked up a handful of salt, and suddenly, the empire’s salt tax became the symbol of everything that was wrong with colonialism. It wasn’t just about salt, though—it was about ordinary people realizing they had power. Thousands walked with him, and millions more felt the ripple effect, proving that you don’t need weapons to challenge an empire when you’ve got unity and sheer nerve.
• The Quit India Movement of 1942. That one really shook things up. It wasn't just another protest—it was a full-blown demand, a "do or die" push that caught everyone off guard, even the British. The whole country seemed to rise at once. The response was anything but polite. Chaos, arrests, underground defiance—you name it, it happened. That movement didn't just ask for freedom; it forced the conversation, and it changed the game for good.
• 1947 mein azaadi mili, lekin uske saath Partition ka dard bhi tha. Ek taraf khushi, doosri taraf toot’ta hua dil. Yeh woh saal tha jab humne apna maqaam paya, aur saath hi ek hissa kho diya. Partition ne families ko cheer diya, logon ko beghar kar diya, aur aisi yaadein chhod di jo aaj tak rulati hain. Azaadi ki raat ko kuch log neend so nahi paye, kuch apne ghar chhod kar nikal gaye. Yeh humari tareekh ka woh mod hai jahan jeet aur haar ek saath mile, aur isi liye 1947 ka zikr aate hi dil par haath rakhna padta hai.

Yeh notes aapko Class 10 NCERT itihas ke chapter ‘Bharat Mein Rashtravad’ ko samajhne mein kaafi madad karenge. In points ko yaad kar lo, toh exam ki taiyari ekdum solid ho jayegi.