Class 12 Samkaleen Vishwa Rajniti Notes

Yeh notes CBSE class 12 ke Political Science subject ke liye tayar kiye gaye hain. Isme samkaleen vishwa rajniti ke important chapters ko simple Hinglish mein samjhaya gaya hai. Cold War se lekar globalization tak ke concepts ko cover kiya gaya hai.

Cold War Era: Samkaleen Vishwa Rajneeti

Cold War dunia ki rajneeti mein 1945 se 1991 tak ka mahatvapurn daur tha. Isme United States (US) aur Soviet Union (USSR) ke beech gehri pratispardha thi, jo direct war tak nahi gayi.

Cold War ka Saransh

• Do superpowers ka uthna aur unke beech tanaav
• Capitalism aur Communism ki vichardhara ka clash
• Proxy wars, arms race aur diplomacy ka role

Here we have provided NCERT notes for Class 12 समकालीन विश्व राजनीति and I in hindi Language, Just select the chapters below to get notes of the same:

शीतयुद्ध का दौर

दो ध्रुवीयता का अंत

समकालीन विश्व में अमरीकी वर्चस्व

सत्ता के वैकल्पिक केंद्र

समकालीन दक्षिण एशिया

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन

समकालीन विश्व में सुरक्षा

पर्यावरण और प्राकृतिक संसाधन

वैश्वीकरण

Cold War ka Daur (1945-1991)

Cold War America aur Soviet Union ke beech ki geopolitical rivalry thi. Yeh direct war nahi thi, balki proxy wars, arms race, aur ideology ke conflict par based thi.

Cold War ki Pramukh Visheshtayen

• Bipolar World Structure: Do superpowers ka dominance.
• Arms Race: Nuclear weapons ka competition.
• Ideological Fight: Capitalism vs Communism.
• Alliance Systems: NATO aur Warsaw Pact.

Bipolarity ka Ant aur Uske Parinam

1991 mein Soviet Union ke collapse ke baad, bipolar world ka end hua. Isse naye international relations aur globalization ko boost mila.

Post-Cold War Changes

Ek polar world America ke under, economic reforms, aur naye independent countries ka formation hua. Global politics mein cooperation aur competition dono badha.

Globalization: Arthik aur Sanskrutik Parivartan

Globalization se duniya bhar mein trade, technology, aur culture ka integration hua. Iske fayde aur nuksan dono hain.

Globalization ke Positive aur Negative Effects

• Positive: Economic growth, job creation, cultural exchange.
• Negative: Inequality badhna, local industries ko nuksan, environmental issues.

International Organizations aur Unki Bhumika

Vishwa shanti aur vikas ke liye UN, WTO, IMF jaise organizations ka mahatvapurna yogdan hai.

United Nations (UN)

UN peacekeeping, human rights, aur development programs ke liye jana jata hai. Security Council iska powerful organ hai.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

WTO global trade rules banata hai aur disputes ko settle karta hai. Isse developing countries ko fayda aur nuksan dono hua hai.

Security in Contemporary World

Aajkal security sirf military threats tak seemit nahi hai. Non-traditional threats jaise terrorism, climate change, aur cyber attacks bhi important hain.

Traditional vs Non-Traditional Security

• Traditional: State-centric, military attacks.
• Non-Traditional: Global issues like poverty, disease, environmental degradation.

Environment aur Sustainable Development

Prakritik sansadhanon ka samajhdari upyog aur pollution control aaj ki badi challenges hain. Sustainable development future ke liye zaroori hai.

Kyoto Protocol aur Paris Agreement

Yeh international treaties climate change ko tackle karne ke liye bane hain. Developed aur developing countries ki alag-alag jimmedariyan hain.

In topics ko acche se samajhne se students CBSE exams ke liye tayar ho sakte hain. Notes mein examples aur current affairs ko bhi include kiya gaya hai.

Cold War ka Parichay

Cold War post-World War II ka samay tha jab US aur USSR ke beech shakit ka sangharsh hua. Ye 'cold' isliye kaha gaya kyunki direct military conflict nahi hua, lekin diplomacy, economic sanctions aur proxy wars through tanaav raha.

Cold War ke Mukhya Karan

Cold War ke karan complex the. Kuch pramukh karon mein shamil hain:

• Vichardhara ka antar: US capitalism aur USSR communism mein believe karte the.
• Power struggle: Dono desh dunia par apna prabhav badhana chahte the.
• World War II ke baad ka vacuum: Europe kamjor ho gaya, jisse superpowers ne apna dabaav badhaya.
• Arms race: Nuclear weapons ka development aur stockpiling ne tanaav ko badhaya.

Cold War ki Mukhya Ghatnayen

Cold War ke dauran kai important events hui jo dunia ki rajneeti ko shape karti hain.

Berlin Blockade (1948-49)

USSR ne West Berlin ko block kar diya, jisse US ne Berlin airlift ke through response diya. Ye Cold War ki pehli badi ghatna thi.

Korean War (1950-53)

Ye ek proxy war thi jahan US ne South Korea aur USSR ne North Korea ka samarthan kiya. Isse dunia do camps mein banti nazar aayi.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Ye Cold War ka sabse khatarnak moment tha jab US ne Cuba mein USSR ke nuclear missiles ka pata lagaya. Isse nuclear war ka khatra paida hua, lekin diplomacy se samadhan hua.

Vietnam War (1955-75)

Ek aur proxy war jahan US ne South Vietnam aur USSR ne North Vietnam ka samarthan kiya. Is war ne US ki foreign policy ko deeply affect kiya.

Cold War ka Ant

1980s ke end tak, USSR economic problems aur internal reforms ke karan kamjor hone laga. Mikhail Gorbachev ke reforms (glasnost aur perestroika) ne Cold War ko khatm karne mein madad ki. 1991 mein USSR collapse ho gaya, jisse Cold War officially khatam hua.

Cold War ke Prabhav

Cold War ka dunia par gehra prabhav pada:

• Bipolar world structure: Duniya do camps mein bati rahi, US aur USSR ke netritva mein.
• Arms race aur nuclear proliferation: Isse security concerns badhe aur defense spending high raha.
• Decolonization: Naye independent deshon ne Non-Aligned Movement join kiya to avoid superpower influence.
• Global institutions: United Nations jaise organizations ne role play kiya, lekin often superpowers ke beech deadlock raha.
• Cultural impact: Propaganda, spy networks, aur technology competition ne society ko affect kiya.

NCERT/CBSE Perspective

Class 12 Samkaleen Vishwa Rajneeti mein Cold War ek central topic hai. Students ko iske causes, events, aur outcomes ko samajhna chahiye. Ye chapter international relations ki basics ko samjhata hai aur aaj ki dunia ki rajneeti ko context deta hai.