Swatantra Bharat Mein Rajneeti II: Class 12 Notes

Yeh notes aapko 1947 ke baad ki Bharat ki rajneeti ke mukhya pahlu samajhne mein madad karenge. Hinglish mein likha gaya hai taki aap asani se padh saken.

Kuch Mukhya Points

• Nehru ke netritva mein vikas
• Emergency ka rajneetik asar
• 1991 ke economic reforms
• Aaj ki coalition politics

Swatantra Bharat mein Rajniti: Class 12 Notes

Yeh notes aapko post-independence India ki rajnitik dastaan samjhane mein madad karenge. Isme nation-building, constitutional framework, aur initial challenges jaise mukhya muddon ko cover kiya gaya hai.

Overview

1947 ke baad, naye Bharat ne kai challenges ka samna kiya. In notes mein hum in challenges aur unke solutions ka vistar se adhyayan karenge.

Here we have provided NCERT notes for Class 12 स्वतंत्र भारत में राजनीति and II in hindi Language, Just select the chapters below to get notes of the same:

राष्ट्रand निर्माण की चुनौतियाँ

एक दल के प्रभुत्व का दौर

नियोजित विकास की राजनीति

भारत के विदेश सम्बन्ध

कांग्रेस प्रणाली and चुनौतियाँ और पुनर्स्थापना

लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था का संकट

जन आन्दोलनों का उदय

क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ

भारतीय राजनीति and नए बदलाव

Swatantra Bharat Ki Rajneeti: Ek Samagra Jhalak

1947 mein aazadi milne ke baad, Bharat ne ek naye rajneetik daura ki shuruaat ki. Isme kai challenges aaye, jaise partition, constitution nirman, aur economic planning. Yeh notes in sabhi pehluon par prakash daalega.

Pehle Dasak: Nehru Kaal (1947-1964)

Jawaharlal Nehru ke netritva mein, Bharat ne planning commission ki sthaapna ki aur mixed economy apnayi. Panchsheel principles aur non-alignment policy bhi isi daur mein shuru hui. Congress party dominant thi, lekin opposition bhi ujagar hui.

1970s ka Daur: Emergency aur Uske Baad

1975 mein, Indira Gandhi ne emergency lagayi, jisse democracy par kathor asar pada. Civil liberties restrict hui, aur press censorship laga. Emergency ke baad, 1977 mein janata party ki sarkar bani, jisse multi-party system ko badhava mila.

1990s: Economic Reforms aur Naya Rajneetik Daur

1991 mein, Narasimha Rao sarkar ne economic reforms introduce kiye, jisse liberalization, privatization, aur globalization shuru hui. Isse Bharat ki economy mein badlav aaya. Sath hi, coalition sarkaren common ho gayi, kyonki koi ek party majority nahi bana pati thi.

Contemporary Challenges aur Trends

Aaj kal, Bharat ki rajneeti mein kai naye trends hain. Regional parties ka bada role hai, jaise DMK, TMC, aur BSP. Coalition sarkaren, jaise NDA aur UPA, ne stability ke sath challenges diye hain. Social media aur digital age ne rajneetik prashnan ko badal diya hai.

Important Constitutional Amendments

Kai sanshodanon ne Bharat ki rajneeti ko shape kiya hai. Jaise, 42nd amendment ne emergency powers badhaye, aur 73rd amendment ne panchayati raj ko mazbooti di. Inka asar aam janata ki bhagidari par pada.

Foreign Policy ka Vikas

Swatantra Bharat ki videsh neeti bhi badalti rahi. Nehru ke time non-alignment, phir 1971 mein USSR se treaty, aur ab US ke sath strategic partnership. Yeh sab global context mein important hain.

Ant mein, yeh notes aapko Class 12 ke syllabus ke according swatantra Bharat ki rajneeti ki samajh dene ka prayas karte hain. Practice questions aur references ke liye aap apne teacher se consult kar saken.

Swatantra Bharat ki Rajniti: Detailed Notes

Ye notes Class 12 Political Science ke syllabus ke anusar tayar kiye gaye hain. Isme do pramukh themes hain - ek, naye desh ki rajnitik vyavastha ka nirman, aur doosra, vikas aur chunautiyon ka daur.

Nation Building ke Pramukh Pehlu

Swatantrata ke baad, desh ke samne sabse bada kaam 'rashtra nirman' tha. Iske antargat kai steps liye gaye:

• Integration of Princely States: Sardar Patel ke netrutv mein 500 se zyada riyasaton ka Bharat sangh mein vilay.
• Reorganization of States: 1956 mein States Reorganization Act ke through rajyon ka punargathan bhasha ke aadhar par kiya gaya.
• Constitution ka Nirman: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ke adhyakshata mein banaye gaye samvidhan ne ek loktantrik, secular, aur socialist republic ki neev rakhi.

Initial Challenges aur Responses

Naya desh kathin chunautiyon se ghir gaya tha. Inka samadhan karna zaroori tha.

• Refugee Crisis: Partition ke baad aaye sharanarthiyon ki samasya aur punarvasan.
• Linguistic Diversity: Ek rashtra bhasha ka sawal aur anek bhashaon ko sambhalna.
• Economic Development: Gareebi aur bikasi desh ki arthvyavastha ko majboot banana.
• Foreign Policy: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ke zariye cold war ke daur mein neutral stance apnana.

Political Developments (1947-1964)

Iss period ko 'Nehruvian Era' ke naam se jaana jata hai. Pradhanmantri Jawaharlal Nehru ke netrutv mein kai important policies bani.

Key Policies: Panchsheel, Five-Year Plans, Industrial Policy, aur mixed economy model ka aagaz. Congress party ka dominance bhi isi daur mein tha.

Samvidhan aur Pramukh Tatva

Hamara samvidhan 26 November 1949 ko apnaya gaya aur 26 January 1950 se lagu hua. Iske khaas tatva hain:

• Fundamental Rights aur Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Parliamentary system of government.
• Independent Judiciary aur Election Commission.

Contemporary Issues aur Aaj ki Rajniti

Iss section mein hum aaj ke mukhya muddon jaise coalition politics, economic reforms of 1991, globalization ke prabhav, aur naye social movements par charcha karenge. Yeh samajhna zaroori hai ki 1947 ke faisle aaj ki rajnitik soch ko kaise prabhavit karte hain.