Swatantra Bharat Mein Rajneeti II: Class 12 Notes

Yeh notes 1947 ke baad ke Bharat ki rajneeti ka poora naksha aapke saamne rakhte hain. Hinglish mein likhe gaye hain, taaki padhne mein koi rukawat na aaye—seedha aur saaf.

Kuch Mukhya Points

Nehru ke netritva mein vikas—yeh topic hai hi aisa ki uske bina baat adhoori reh jaati hai. Unhone jo vision diya, woh sirf rajneeti tak seemit nahi tha. Woh ek nazariya tha, ek soch ka dhang, aur us soch mein thaa ki Industrialization ho ya education, scientific temper ho ya social justice—sab kuch unke neetritva ki hi den hai. Aur dekhiye, unki soch mein ek baat aur thi. Vikas ka matlab sirf imaarat nahi, balki insaan ka uthaan bhi. Isliye, jab hum aaj unke yogdaan ki baat karte hain, toh humein samajhna hoga ki woh kewal ek neta nahi the—ek vicharak bhi the. Unki policies mein aage ki soch thi, aur wahi soch aaj bhi humein raah dikhati hai. Emergency ka rajneetik asar — yani, jab desh mein aisa haal ho jaaye ki sarkar ko lagta hai ki normal laws se kaam nahi chalega, to woh emergency laga deti hai. Aur iska asar sirf kanoon par nahi padta. Siyasat par padta hai, aur wo bhi bahut gehra. Aap dekhiye, emergency ke waqt jo decisions hote hain, woh aksar aise hote hain jo saal baad bhi yaad kiye jaate hain. Kuch log kehte hain ki emergency mein sarkar ko faida hota hai—woh jaldi se orders de sakti hai, bina kisi rukawat ke. Lekin iska ulta bhi hota hai. Jab emergency hata di jaati hai, to logon ka bharosa sarkar se uth jaata hai, aur siyasat mein aisi halchal aati hai jiska andaza pehle nahi hota. Isliye emergency ka rajneetik asar kabhi chhota nahi rehta, chahe woh achha ho ya bura. Chahe woh faidaymand ho ya nuksaan daayak—asar toh hota hai, aur wo hota hai badi taakat se. Listen, 1991 ke economic reforms—yah ek aisa turning point tha jo kisi ne seriously expect nahi kiya tha. Tab India crisis mein tha. Forex reserves itne giraane par aa gaye the ki lag raha tha, kya hoga ab. Government ko majboori mein bade fayde uthane pade. License raj ki bari dooriyan khatam hui, aur naye sectors khul gaye. Achanak se foreign companies ko entry mili, private players ko zameen mili, aur market mein ek nayi harkat aayi. Pehle jo bandishon ki lakeerein thi, woh dheere dheere mitne lagi. Iska asar aaj bhi dikhta hai—business ka environment badla, competition badhi, aur aam aadmi ke paas options aaye. Kuch log ise seedha- seedha "economic freedom" ka pehla kadam bhi kehte hain. Aaj ki coalition politics mein kuch cheezein toh bilkul clear nazar aati hain. Sabse pehle, ek baat samajh lo. Koi bhi ek party akeli nahi chal sakti. Jab tak gathbandhan mein saath hoga, tab tak power milegi. Aur yeh bhi dekho, ki jitne zyada partners, utni zyada uljhanen. Har kisi ki apni demand hoti hai, aur har kisi ko manana padta hai. Yeh sab kuch aise nahi chalta ki ek leader bol de aur sab maan jayein. Nahi, aisa bilkul nahi hai. Coalition mein toh har roz naya samjhauta chahiye. Har roz naya balance banane ki zaroorat padti hai. Kabhi kisi ko ministry do, kabhi kisi ko scheme do—bas waise hi chal raha hai. Aur ek aur important baat—coalition mein wahi tikta hai jo thoda flexible ho. Jo apni baat pe atal rehne ki koshish karta hai, usko aksar bahar ka raasta dikhaya jaata hai. Isliye netaon ko soch samajh ke kadam uthane padte hain, warna sab kuch haath se nikal jaata hai.

Swatantra Bharat mein Rajniti: Class 12 Notes

Yeh notes aapko post-independence India ki rajnitik dastaan samjhane mein poori tarah madad karenge—bina kisi jhanjhat ke. Isme nation-building ke sangharsh, constitutional framework ki buniyad, aur wo initial challenges jo desh ko milkar face karne pade, sab kuch shamil hai. Seedhi baat, saaf tarkeeb.

Overview

1947 ke baad, naya Bharat kai challenges ke saath aaya tha. Yahan hum in challenges aur unke solutions ko samjhenge—thoda detail mein, thoda asaan bhasha mein.

Here we have provided NCERT notes for Class 12 स्वतंत्र भारत में राजनीति and II in hindi Language, Just select the chapters below to get notes of the same:

राष्ट्रand निर्माण की चुनौतियाँ

एक दल के प्रभुत्व का दौर

नियोजित विकास की राजनीति

भारत के विदेश सम्बन्ध

कांग्रेस प्रणाली and चुनौतियाँ और पुनर्स्थापना

लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था का संकट

जन आन्दोलनों का उदय

क्षेत्रीय आकांक्षाएँ

भारतीय राजनीति and नए बदलाव

Swatantra Bharat Ki Rajneeti: Ek Samagra Jhalak

1947 mein azaadi mili, aur ek bilkul naya raasta saamne tha. Partition ka dard. Apna constitution likhne ki zimmedari. Economic planning ki neenv—teeno ek saath uthane the, aur ye sab ek saath uthana koi aasan kaam nahi tha, balki har kadam par nayi uljhanen thi, naye sawaal the, aur koi purani misaal bhi nahi thi jo humein raah dikha sakti. Ye notes inhi pehluon par roshni daalte hain, kyunki inhi ne aaj ke Bharat ki shakal banayi. Aur honestly, ye sab dekhna kuch aisa hi hai jaise ek chhoti si gudiya ko chalna sikhana—wo girti hai, phir uthhti hai, aur dheere-dheere apna santulan banati hai.

Pehle Dasak: Nehru Kaal (1947-1964)

Nehru ke time mein hi Planning Commission bana. Mixed economy ka raasta pakda gaya—na poora socialist, na poora capitalist, beech ka kuch. Panchsheel aur non-alignment bhi isi daur ki den hain, aur ye dono cheezein thi hi aisi ki duniya mein humari alag pehchan banti. Congress toh poori tarah chhaayi hui thi, par opposition bhi dheere-dheere apni jagah banane lagi thi—chaahe wo bhale hi itni kamzor kyun na ho, unki maujoodgi hi kaafi thi ki sawal uth sake.

1970s ka Daur: Emergency aur Uske Baad

1975 mein Indira Gandhi ne emergency laga di—aur democracy ko seedha jhatka laga. Civil liberties par bandish aayi, press ko bhi censorship jhelna pada. Lekin emergency ke baad 1977 mein janata party ki sarkar bani, aur uske saath hi multi-party system ko nayi hawa mili.

1990s: Economic Reforms aur Naya Rajneetik Daur

1991 mein Narasimha Rao ki sarkar ne jo economic reforms introduce kiye, usne liberalization, privatization aur globalization ki raah khol di. Bharat ki economy ekdum badal gayi, aur yeh koi chhota change nahi tha. Isi dauran, coalition sarkarein aam ho gayi—kyonki ek party ke liye majority haasil karna mushkil ho gaya tha. Pehle jo ekdum clear majority wali sarkarein hoti thi, woh ab kahani ban gayi.

Contemporary Challenges aur Trends

Aaj kal Bharat ki rajneeti mein kuch naya nahi ruka hai. Bilkul bhi nahi. Regional parties—DMK, TMC, BSP—sirf chhote players nahin rahe, unhone game ka rukh hi badal diya hai. Aur phir woh coalition sarkarein hain, NDA ho ya UPA, jo stability bhi deti hain aur naye masle bhi. Social media aur digital age ne to poori kahaani hi palat di hai; prashnan ab pehle jaisa nahin raha—log khud sawal utha rahe hain, jawab maang rahe hain, aur netaon ko ghira rahe hain. Kuch thik hai, kuch behtar ho sakta hai, par jo bhi chal raha hai, woh bilkul alag hai.

Important Constitutional Amendments

Kai sanshodanon ne Bharat ki rajneeti ko shape kiya hai. Yaani, seedha seedha keh doon, to inke bina kahaani adhoori rehti. Socho, 42nd amendment ne emergency powers badhaye the, aur phir 73rd amendment ne panchayati raj ko mazbooti di. Inka asar aam janata ki bhagidari par pada—gavon ki sabhaon se lekar shehar ki chunaavon tak, har jagah ek naya khel shuru hua.

Foreign Policy ka Vikas

Swatantra Bharat ki videsh neeti kabhi ek jaisi nahi rahi—bilkul bhi nahi. Nehru ke zamaane mein non-alignment ka daur tha, poori duniya do campon mein banti thi aur humne apna rasta alag rakha. Phir 1971 aaya, aur uss waqt USSR se treaty ho gayi, jo us daur ke haalaat mein samajh aane wali baat thi. Aur aaj — aaj America ke saath strategic partnership hai. Yeh sab kuch global context mein dekha jaye to bahut maayne rakhta hai—har mod par duniya ke haalaat badle, aur hamari neeti ne bhi apne aap ko usi ke mutabiq dhala.

Ant mein, yeh notes sirf itna chahte hain ki aapko Class 12 ke syllabus ke hisaab se swatantra Bharat ki rajneeti samajhne mein thodi madad mil jaye. Bas, seedhi baat—yeh sab kuch syllabus ke frame mein rakha gaya hai. Practice questions ho ya references, inke liye aap apne teacher se baat kar sakte hain, wohi sahi guide honge.

Swatantra Bharat ki Rajniti: Detailed Notes

Ye notes Class 12 Political Science ke syllabus ko dhyan mein rakhte hue banaye gaye hain. Ismein do mukhya themes hain — pehla, naye desh ki rajnitik vyavastha ko aakar dena, aur doosra, woh daur jab vikas aaya aur uske saath nayi chunautiyan bhi aayin.

Nation Building ke Pramukh Pehlu

Swatantrata ke baad desh ke saamne jo sabse bada challenge tha, woh tha 'rashtra nirman'. Aur iske liye kai kadam uthane pade, ek ke baad ek.

• Sardar Patel ne jab zimmedari sambhali, toh 500 se zyada riyasaton ko ek-jut karna koi aasaan kaam nahi tha. Lekin unhone kiya—aur karke dikhaya. Har riyasat ka apna alag raaj, alag niyam, aur alag soch thi, phir bhi unhein Bharat ke sangh mein vilay karwa diya. Yahi unka sabse bada yogdaan tha.
• 1956 mein States Reorganization Act aaya, aur uske through rajyon ka punargathan bhasha ke aadhar par hua. Matlab, ek hi bhasha bolne walon ko ek saath rakhne ki koshish ki gayi, taaki rajyon ki pehchan aur ekta ban sake. Ye kaam aasaan nahi tha, lekin isne desh ke naksha ko naya roop diya.
• The constitution’s creation was a monumental feat, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar at the helm. He led the charge, and what came out of that was a document that planted the seeds for a democratic, secular, and socialist republic. It wasn't just a set of rules; it was a promise. The foundation he and his team laid still holds us up today.

Initial Challenges aur Responses

Naya desh shuru se hi mushkilon mein ghaas raha tha. Har taraf se chunautiyan aane lagi thi. Aur inka samadhan? Bilkul zaroori tha, warna kaam nahi banne wala tha.

• The refugee crisis hit us hard, right after Partition. We're talking about a massive wave of people, and getting them resettled? That was a whole other beast. The sheer scale of it all just hit you in the face. And the rehab work, honestly, it was relentless.
• Linguistic Diversity: Ek rashtra bhasha ka sawal hi nahi tha, balki ek poora jhamela tha—kaise sambhala jaaye itni saari bhashaon ko? Dekhiye, shuruat mein yeh sabse bada sangharsh tha.
• Economic Development: honestly, gareebi aur bikasi desh ki arthvyavastha ko majboot banana koi aasaan kaam nahi hai. Pehle toh logon ke paas roz ka khana nahi hota, phir woh sochte hain ki aage badhna hai ya nahi. Lekin dheere-dheere, chhote kadam utha kar hi kaam hota hai—kuch logon ko kaam milta hai, kuch businesses khulte hain, aur phir woh cheez chal padti hai. Bilkul seedhi baat hai, agar desh ki jeb mein paisa nahi hai, toh har cheez ruk jaati hai. Toh pehla jhagda yahi hai—logon ko itna de do ki woh khud uth khade hon, phir dekho arthvyavastha kaise chalne lagti hai.
• Foreign Policy: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ke zariye cold war ke daur mein neutral stance apnana. Cold war ke us bhatakte hue mahaul mein, jab dono superpowers. America aur Soviet Union — apne-apne camp mein sabko khinch rahi thin, tab humne koi side nahi li. Bilkul bhi nahi. NAM ka rasta chuna, aur yeh koi aasan faisla nahi tha. Bahut se desh humein apni taraf karne ke liye dabav bana rahe the. Lekin humne apni raah khud banai. Neutral rehna matlab darr nahi tha, balki ek sochhi-samjhi chaal thi. Isse humara apna faisla karne ka haq bana raha. Aur waqt ne dikhaya, yeh chaal kitni sahi thi.

Political Developments (1947-1964)

Isi daur ko hum aaj bhi ‘Nehruvian Era’ ke naam se yaad karte hain—aur sahi bhi hai. Jawaharlal Nehru jab Pradhanmantri the, tabhi toh desh ki kuch sabse buniyaadi policies ne janam liya.

Panchsheel, the Five-Year Plans, industrial policy—all of that got rolling in this stretch, and so did the mixed economy model. Honestly, that was the era when Congress pretty much owned the political landscape. They were everywhere, and there wasn't much standing in their way.

Samvidhan aur Pramukh Tatva

Our constitution came into being on 26 November 1949, and it kicked in from 26 January 1950. The key elements that make it tick are:

• Samvidhan ke do sabse bade khambhe hain—Fundamental Rights aur Directive Principles of State Policy. Ye dono milke constitution ki rooh banate hain. Fundamental Rights ne citizens ko woh haq diye jo unse koi nahi chheen sakta, chahe sarkar ho ya koi aur. Lekin Directive Principles thode alag hain; ye sarkar ko raah dikhate hain, jaise ek compass ho jo desh ko aage le jaane ka raasta bataye. Ek taraf rights hain jo turant enforceable hain, doosri taraf principles hain jo dheere-dheere, waqt ke saath, amal mein laaye jaate hain. In dono ka mel hi asli mein samvidhan ko majboot banata hai—ek haq deta hai, doosra zimmedari.
• Parliamentary system of government — that's the backbone here, really. It's not about a president calling all the shots—it's a system where the executive branch answers directly to the legislature. The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, stays in power only as long as it holds the confidence of the Lok Sabha. Lose that majority, and you're out. Simple as that. This setup keeps the government accountable to the people's representatives, and by extension, to the people themselves. It's a core element of how the whole constitution operates in practice, even if it can get messy at times.
• Independent Judiciary aur Election Commission—yeh do cheezein hain jo system ko seedha rakhne ke liye sabse zaroori hain. Judicial independence ka matlab hai ki courts apna kaam bina kisi dabav ya andar ke kisi kichad ke karein, chahe satta kisi ki bhi ho. Election Commission ka role bhi utna hi bada hai—yeh ensure karta hai ki polls saaf hon, fair hon, aur koi bhi apni man-mani na kar sake. Yeh dono institutions ek tarah se democracy ke guardrails hain, jo nahi honge toh sab kuch bikhra hua lagega.

Contemporary Issues aur Aaj ki Rajniti

Is section mein hum baat karenge aaj ke woh bade mudde—coalition politics ho, 1991 ke economic reforms, ya globalization ka woh prabhav jo har jagah dikhta hai. Naye social movements bhi hain, unhe nazarandaz nahi kar sakte. Lekin ek sawaal hai jo sabse pehle aata hai: 1947 ke woh faisle aaj ki rajnitik soch ko kis tarah shape dete hain? Yeh samajhna bahut zaroori hai, kyunki iske bina aaj ka kuch bhi samajhna adhoora hai.